Can I be under GVM but over an axle limit?

Yes, and it's common when towing. The tow-ball load and anything carried behind the rear axle overload the rear axle well before the total reaches GVM.

Do caravans have axle load limits?

Yes. A caravan's axles, suspension and tyres each have ratings, and its plated GTM is the most its axles may carry while hitched.

Does a GVM upgrade raise the rear axle rating?

Some do and some don't; it depends on the kit and its certification. Check the upgraded axle ratings in the kit's paperwork, not just the new GVM.

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Axle Load Limits: Under GVM but Still Overloaded

Axle load limits are the manufacturer's maximum weights for each axle, front and rear. A vehicle can be under its GVM and still be overloaded if one axle — usually the rear when towing — carries more than its rating.